Muckraker

The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), the only species in genus Ondatra, is a medium-sized semiaquatic rodent native to North America, and introduced in parts of Europe, Asia, and South America. The muskrat is found in wetlands over a wide range of climates and habitats. It has important effects on the ecology of wetlands and is a resource of food and fur for humans. It is an introduced species in some of its present range.

The muskrat is the largest species in the subfamily Arvicolinae, which includes 142 other species of rodents, mostly voles and lemmings. Muskrats are referred to as "rats" in a general sense because they are medium-sized rodents with an adaptable lifestyle and an omnivorous diet. They are not, however, so-called "true rats", that is, members of the genus Rattus.

[edit] Etymology

The muskrat's name probably comes by folk etymology from a word of Algonquin origin, muscascus, (literally "it is red", so called for its colorings) or from the Abenaki native word mòskwas as seen in the archaic English name for the animal, musquash. Due to the association with the "musky" odor which the muskrat uses to mark its territory and its rat-like appearance, the name became altered to muskrat.

[edit] Description

An adult muskrat is about 40–70 cm (16–28 in) long, almost half of that tail, and weighs from 0.6–2 kg (1.3–4.4 lb). That is about four times the weight of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), though an adult muskrat is only slightly longer. Muskrats are much smaller than beavers (Castor canadensis), with whom they often share their habitat. A muskrat skullMuskrats are covered with short, thick fur which is medium to dark brown or black in color, with the belly a bit lighter; as the age increases, it turns a partly gray in color. The fur has two layers, which helps protect them from the cold water. They have long tails covered with scales rather than hair and, to aid them in swimming, are slightly flattened vertically, which is a shape that is unique to them. When they walk on land, their tails drag on the ground, which makes their tracks easy to recognize.

Muskrats spend much of their time in the water and are well suited for their semiaquatic life. They can swim under water for 12 to 17 minutes. Their bodies, like those of seals and whales, are less sensitive to the buildup of carbon dioxide than those of most other mammals. They can close off their ears to keep the water out. Their hind feet are semiwebbed, although in swimming, their tails are their main means of propulsion.

[edit] Distribution and ecology

[1][2]A muskrat eating a plant: Note the long claws used for digging burrows.Muskrats are found over most of Canada and the United States and a small part of northern Mexico. They were introduced to Europe in the beginning of the 20th century. They mostly inhabit wetlands, areas in or near saline and freshwater wetlands, rivers, lakes, or ponds. They are not found in the state of Florida, where the round-tailed muskrat, or Florida water rat (Neofiber alleni), fills their niche.

Their populations naturally cycle; in areas where they become abundant, they are capable of removing much of the vegetation in wetlands. They are thought to play a major role in determining the vegetation of prairie wetlands in particular They also selectively remove preferred plant species, thereby changing the abundance of plant species in many kinds of wetlands. Species commonly eaten include cattail and yellow water lily. Alligators are thought to be an important natural predator, and the absence of muskrats from Florida may in part be the result of alligator predation.

While much wetland habitat has been eliminated due to human activity, new muskrat habitat has been created by the construction of canals or irrigation channels, and the muskrat remains common and widespread. They are able to live alongside streams which contain the sulfurous water that drains away from coal mines. Fish and frogs perish in such streams, yet muskrats may thrive and occupy the wetlands. Muskrats also benefit from human persecution of some of their predators.

The muskrat is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country.

[edit] Behavior

[3][4]A muskrat lodgeMuskrats normally live in groups consisting of a male and female pair and their young. During the spring, they often fight with other muskrats over territory and potential mates. Many are injured or killed in these fights. Muskrat families build nests to protect themselves and their young from cold and predators. In streams, ponds or lakes, muskrats burrow into the bank with an underwater entrance. These entrances are 6-8 inches wide. In marshes, lodges are constructed from vegetation and mud. These lodges are up to three feet in height. In snowy areas, they keep the openings to their lodges closed by plugging them with vegetation, which they replace every day. Some muskrat lodges are swept away in spring floods and have to be replaced each year. Muskrats also build feeding platforms in wetlands. They help maintain open areas in marshes, which helps to provide habitat for aquatic birds.

Muskrats are most active at night or near dawn and dusk. They feed on cattails and other aquatic vegetation. They do not store food for the winter, but sometimes eat the insides of their lodges. While they may appear to steal food beavers have stored, more seemingly cooperative partnerships with beavers exist, as featured in the BBC David Attenborough wildlife documentary The Life of Mammals. Plant materials make up about 95% of their diets, but they also eat small animals, such as freshwater mussels, frogs, crayfish, fish, and small turtles.Muskrats follow trails they make in swamps and ponds. When the water freezes, they continue to follow their trails under the ice. [5][6]A muskrat swimming, Rideau River, OttawaMuskrats provide an important food resource for many other animals, including mink, foxes, coyotes, wolves, lynx, bears, eagles, snakes, alligators, and large owls and hawks. Otters, snapping turtles, and large fish such as pike prey on baby muskrats. Caribou and elk sometimes feed on the vegetation which makes up muskrat lodges during the winter when other food is scarce for them [1]. In their introduced range in the former Soviet Union, the muskrat's greatest predator is the golden jackal. They can be completely extirpated in shallow water bodies, and during the winter of 1948-49 in the Amu Darya, muskrats constituted 12.3% of jackal faeces contents, and 71% of muskrat houses were destroyed by jackals, 16% of which froze and became unsuitable for muskrat occupation. Jackals also harm the muskrat industry by eating muskrats caught in traps or taking skins left out to dry.

Muskrats, like most rodents, are prolific breeders. Females can have two or three litters a year of six to eight young each. The babies are born small and hairless, and weigh only about 22 grams (0.8 oz). In southern environments, young muskrats mature in six months, while in colder northern environments, it takes about a year. Muskrat populations appear to go through a regular pattern of rise and dramatic decline spread over a six- to 10-year period. Some other rodents, including famously the muskrat's close relatives the lemmings, go through the same type of population changes.

[edit] History and use by humans

[7][8]Muskrat fur coatAmerican Indians have long considered the muskrat to be a very important animal. Some predict winter snowfall levels by observing the size and timing of muskrat lodge construction. Contrary to belief, though, the thickness of muskrat lodges does not indicate the severity of the coming winter.

In several American Indian creation myths, it is the muskrat which dives to the bottom of the primordial sea to bring up the mud from which the earth is created, after other animals had failed in the task.

Muskrats have sometimes been a food resource for humans. Muskrat meat is tender and tastes gamey, like rabbit or duck.^{[citation needed]} In the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit,a longstanding dispensation allows Catholics to consume muskrat on Ash Wednesday, and the Fridays of Lent (when the eating of meat, except for fish, is prohibited). Because the muskrat lives in water, it is considered equivalent to fish.

Lenten dinners of muskrat are therefore traditional in parts of Michigan. The meat is occasionally consumed in Belgium and the Netherlands, and is traditional dish on the Delmarva Peninsulaand in certain other areas and population segments of the United States. [9][10]Muskrat trap in the NetherlandsMuskrat fur is warm, and the trapping of muskrats for their fur became an important industry in the early 20th century. At that time, muskrats were introduced to Europe as a fur resource. Muskrat fur becomes prime at the beginning of December in most northern states. Muskrat fur was specially trimmed and dyed and called "hudson seal" fur, and sold widely in the United States in the early 20th century. They spread throughout northern Europe and Asia.

Some European countries, such as Belgium and the Netherlands, consider the muskrat to be a pest that must be exterminated. Therefore, the animal is trapped and hunted to keep the population down. It is considered a pest because its burrowing causes damage to the dikes and levees on which these low-lying countries depend for protection from flooding. Muskrats also sometimes eat corn and other farm and garden crops.

[edit] In popular culture

"Muskrat Love" is a pop song composed by Willis Alan Ramsey in 1972 and recorded by the group America in 1973 and Captain and Tennille in 1976.

[edit] References

1. ^ Linzey, A.V. (2008). Ondatra zibethicus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 10 Jule 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
2. ^ ^{a b} Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Caras, R. 1967. North American Mammals. New York: Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-072-X
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Nowak, R. & Paradiso, J. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2525-3
5. ^ "Muskrat". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. October 2, 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/muskrat. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
6. ^ Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0789477645
7. ^ http://m.extension.illinois.edu/wildlife/directory_show.cfm?species=muskrat
8. ^ http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/muskrat.html
9. ^ Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals. Medford, New Jersey: Plexus Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-937548-08-1
10. ^ O’Neil, T. (1949). The Muskrat in the Louisiana Coastal Marshes. New Orleans, LA: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.
11. ^ van der Valk, A. G. (1989). Northern Prairie Wetlands. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
12. ^ Keddy, P. A., Gough, L., Nyman, J. A., McFalls, T., Carter, J., and Siegnist, J. (2009a). Alligator hunters, pelt traders, and runaway consumption of Gulf Coast marshes: a trophic cascade perspective on coastal wetland losses. In Human Impacts on Salt Marshes: A Global Perspective, eds. B. R. Silliman, E. D. Grosholz, and M. D. Bertness, pp. 115–133. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
13. ^ "Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 - Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms". New Zealand Government. http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0030/latest/DLM386556.html#DLM386556. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
14. ^ Attenborough, D. 2002. The Life of Mammals. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11324-6
15. ^ Attenborough, David. 2002. The Life of Mammals, Episode 4. BBC Video.
16. ^ The Life of Mammals#4. "Chisellers"
17. ^ Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9
18. ^ Smith, Murray (1982-05). "Science for the Native Orientated Classroom". Journal of American Indian Education 21 (1). http://jaie.asu.edu/v21/V21S3sci.html. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
19. ^ Musgrave, P. 2007. "How the Muskrat Created the World" Muskrat.com Accessed November 11, 2007.
20. ^ Lukowski, K. 2007. "Muskrat love? It's a Lent thing for downriver area" The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit. Accessed November 11, 2007.
21. ^ Ciardi, J. 1983. On Words. Weekly broadcast on NPR.

[edit] External links

• "Ondatra zibethicus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180318. Retrieved 23 March 2006.
• Everything Muskrat
• How the Muskrat Became a Fish
• How Muskrat Created the World – Native American Legends
• The New Student's Reference Work/Muskrat

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